Die Energiekosten belasten die Wirtschaft
Energie ist Leben. Und die Kosten von Energie sind relevant für den Wohlstand und das Wohlergehen eines Landes. Deshalb ist es interessant, was die Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) zum Energiepreisschock des Jahres 2022 zu sagen hat:
- „Even though by the end of 2022 prices had fallen well below their intra-year highs, for the year as a whole all four energy components contributed to the estimated increase in the OECD-wide expenditure-to-GDP ratio relative to 2021: 2½ percentage points of GDP for electricity, 2¼ for crude oil and oil products, 2 for natural gas and 1 for coal.“ – bto: Das wirkt wie eine Steuer, die in das Ausland abfließt.
- „(…) it is clear that expenditures on energy as a proportion of GDP will have risen rapidly, and to a high level, in 2022, both in the OECD as a whole and in the typical economy. Experience suggests that this represents a warning about the potential risk of recession in OECD economies in 2023. Over the past 50 years, the share of incomes in OECD economies taken up by energy expenditures has been closely related to the incidence of economic downturns.” – bto. Das ist ja nun nicht so richtig überraschend – oder?
Quelle: OECD
- „As shown in the latest OECD Economic Outlook (OECD, 2022), end-use expenditures on energy in the OECD have been high and rising whenever an OECD-wide recession has occurred since 1970, with the sole exception of the pandemic-affected year of 2020. There were surges in energy expenditures during the first (1973-74) and second (1979-80) oil crises in many countries, both of which preceded an OECD-wide recession, while the global financial crisis occurred at the culmination of an upward trend in energy expenditures that began in the early-2000s, reaching 13% in 2008. The surge in energy expenditures seen in 2022 is thus a cause for concern.“ – bto: Und es ist erstaunlich, dass das bisher noch nicht zu Problemen geführt hat.
- „The association between energy expenditures and the economic cycle is readily explicable: with energy an important input for firms, a rise in energy prices may represent an adverse supply shock, lowering output and raising the price level. At the same time, higher energy prices erode the purchasing power of households. While there are winners from higher energy prices, their propensity to spend their windfalls is typically low, so that the net effect on aggregate demand is negative.“ – bto: Dummerweise ist das Wissen dazu im Wirtschaftsministerium dieses Landes verloren gegangen.
- „There are, however, some differences with previous episodes of sharp increases in energy expenditure. First, past surges in the expenditure-to-GDP ratio were mostly driven by oil, while this time the contributions are more evenly spread across energy sources. If the link to economic activity is stronger for oil than for the other energy components, this might mean that the negative growth impact is smaller than for past energy expenditure shocks of similar size. The impact on particular countries will also differ from the past depending on their endowments of the various energy components.“ – bto: Weil nicht alles in den mittleren Osten fließt, sondern auch in die USA, gibt es also eine bessere Perspektive.
- „Second, because the market for oil (as well as coal) is much more global than those for electricity and gas, the incidence of the OECD-wide energy price increase is more regionally focussed than in the past, with most European economies particularly severely affected. The recession signal may therefore turn out to be more regional than global on this occasion.“ – bto: Kein Wunder, dass es für Deutschland besonders schlecht aussieht.
- „Finally, the energy intensity of OECD economies (defined as energy consumed per unit of GDP) has trended down over the past five decades (Figure 2), reflecting rising energy efficiency. A large part of this downtrend is driven by oil and coal; the use of natural gas intensified until the end of the 1990s, when it stabilised, while electricity intensity has remained relatively constant. The downtrend in energy intensity is often masked by swings in the relative price of energy. For example, energy intensity fell by nearly 15% from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s, but energy expenditures remained roughly stable in relation to GDP because of an offsetting increase in the relative (weighted) price of energy. And the spike in the expenditure-to-GDP ratio in 2022, reflecting the unprecedented rises in some energy prices, obscures the ongoing decline in energy intensity.“ – bto: … was auch bedeutet, dass wir weniger CO2 ausstoßen. Genau die Verbesserung, die gewünscht, aber immer geleugnet wird.
Energy volume consumed per unit of real GDP, index, 2015=100
Note: OECD aggregate computed using energy intensity for 33 OECD countries weighted by GDP (PPP).
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 112 database; International Energy Agency.
- „A sharp slowdown is expected in Europe – GDP growth for the euro area is projected to decline from 3.3% in 2022 to 0.5% in 2023, with quarterly output declines projected in several European countries. In addition, the Economic Outlook points to a range of downside risks, including the risk that the impact of lower energy imports to Europe from Russia is more severe than expected.“
