Und täglich … Schulden­erlass schon jetzt wie­der Thema

Was tun mit den (zu) vielen Schulden? Das ist eine, nein, es ist die entscheidende Frage in diesem Jahrzehnt. Auf Zeit spielen wie Japan, doch Inflation oder Pleiten und Konkurse? Geordnet ist immer besser, weiß nicht nur ich, sondern wissen auch die Experten in den Finanzmärkten. Kein Wunder also, dass schon am 4. Januar 2021 ein Beitrag in der FINANCIAL TIMES (FT) die Notwendigkeit eines Schuldenerlasses diskutiert:

  • The coronavirus pandemic has forced countries all over the world to spend money they do not have. Some governments are issuing debt at an astonishing rate. Others, particularly in the developing world, are struggling to keep up with payments on the debt they already have.“ – bto: Und wir reden hier wie so oft nur über die Staatsschulden, dabei sind die privaten Schulden mindestens ebenso ein Problem.
  • In Europe, soaring debt has led some senior Italian officials to ask the European Central Bank to ease debt burdens by forgiving sovereign bonds it owns. That proposal was quickly dismissed by Christine Lagarde and other central bankers and economists.“ – bto: Das haben wir im Dezember hier diskutiert. Mich stört mehr, dass die Italiener es für einen vergleichsweise geringen Anteil ihrer Schulden in das Gespräch gebracht haben, denn die EZB müsste erst noch viel mehr kaufen. Ebenso stört mich, dass es nur für Italien gemacht werden soll. Das führt zu einer Vermögensverschiebung zwischen den Ländern und deshalb sollten alle mitmachen.
  • Their rapid rejection of debt cancellation as part of the recovery from the pandemic misses one very obvious fact. In a world where a lot of sovereign debt is being bought by central banks, intrinsically, all we are doing is allowing the left hand of the government to owe the right hand of the government a lot of money. At some point they could just shake hands and throw the debt away.“ – bto: Das stimmt, solange es sich um Staaten mit eigener Währung handelt, die in der eigenen Währung verschuldet sind. Es ist auch ein Aspekt der MMT. Und zwar der, der m. E. zutreffend ist.  
  • The arrangement sounds potentially toxic but is it? When there is very little inflation, you could probably get away with doing some of this. Many commentators suggest that quantitative easing is effectively the same as printing money, but this is not the case. In fact, the process of having central banks buy up government bonds for cash is simply the creation of liabilities and the purchasing of assets. The main practical effect is to extend the maturity of debt.“ – bto: Dass QE nur ein Assettausch ist, stimmt. Es verkürzt allerdings die Laufzeit der Schulden in der Hand des Privatsektors. Die Banken haben Reserven bei der Notenbank statt Staatsanleihen. Der Punkt ist, dass über den Kauf die Zinsen sinken (sollen).
  • Debt cancellation would be something else entirely, a one-way exchange that is more akin to the unconventional monetary policy idea known as ‘helicopter money’. For example, consider what would happen if governments issued 10,000 year bonds at an interest rate of zero and the central banks then bought them up. That is effectively doing the same thing as cancelling the debt.“ bto: deshalb auch mein Vorschlag für den europäischen „Schuldentilgungsfonds”, der natürlich nicht tilgt.
  • There is precedent for debt cancellation and not just, I would emphasise, in countries that suffered from hyperinflation such as Zimbabwe or in Germany during the 1930s. There have been cases, such as Canada, which in the late 1930s effectively monetised its debt. This kind of policy shift is something that would need to be eased into.“ – bto: Das stimmt sicherlich. In der Eurozone ist es jedoch schwerer.
  • “Cancelling debt held by central banks does not, on paper, reduce government debt service costs because interest on those bonds is not counted in public sector finances. But it would answer the question about how QE can ever be unwound. For any country bold enough to consider such extreme action, there may also be a first-mover advantage, because the moment this takes place, borrowing costs should go up.“ – bto: Warum sollten die Zinsen steigen? Alle Schulden würden sicherer werden, und wenn man keinen inflationären Effekt sieht, dürften die Märkte glauben, es sei einmalig und letztlich keine Änderung, weil das Geld ja bereits geschaffen wurde.
  • I hasten to add that if a country does go down this route, safeguards are needed. Ideally the government would enshrine in its constitution that this is a one-off emergency response. It cannot continue to print money whenever it wants to do something. This may sound surprising from someone who invests in debt, but if those safeguards are in place, then maybe debt cancellation is an outcome that we should want to see.“ – bto: Das verstehe ich, erinnere aber daran, dass die Vertreter der MMT hier sagen würden, dass dies sicherlich nicht erforderlich sei.  
  • Institute for International Finance says debt among advanced nations has soared to 432 per cent of gross domestic product, an unsustainable figure. It is nonsensical to refuse to entertain the prospect of debt cancellation. When a fixed income asset manager like me is saying there is too much debt in the world, there must be something seriously wrong. Many EU countries have already breached the bloc’s fiscal rules on debt levels and there is little room for manoeuvre. Debt cancellation needs to be an option in the toolkit.“ – bto: Und wenn man es macht, dann gerecht. Das setzt voraus, dass die Politiker auch die Interessen des eigenen Landes vertreten …

ft.com (Anmeldung erforderlich): “BlueBay CIO: it’s time to think about debt cancellation”, 4. Januar 2021